1 Joint Research Centre of the European Commission, Ispra, Italy 2 Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
A wide variety of marginal basins, ranging from polar to equatorial regions, and a few sizeable enclosed basins, can all be
encompassed among the Asian Seas. The Arctic Ocean near-coastal zones off Siberia, the semi-enclosed basins of the Pacific
Ocean western rim, the coastal seas of the northernmost Indian Ocean, as well as the Caspian Sea, Aral Sea and Lake Bajkal,
exhibit a multiplicity of environmental features and processes. Understanding the peculiarities of such a large and varied
collection of marine and coastal types requires the adoption of integrated observation systems, among which the application
of orbital remote sensing must play an essential role. This volume reviews the current potential of Earth Observations in the
assessment of the many Asian seascapes, using both passive and active techniques in diverse spectral regions, measuring
reflected visible and near-infrared sunlight, surface emissions in the thermal infrared and microwave range, or surface
reflection of transmitted lidar or radar impulses of visible or microwave radiation. An in-depth evaluation of the available
spectral regions and observation techniques, as well as of novel multitechnique methods, ensures that suitable instruments
are indeed accessible for managing and exploiting the wealth of resources that the Asian Seas have to offer.
Contents
Barale and Gade
(Dedication & Preface, 6 pp.)
Part 1: Introduction to Remote Sensing of the Asian Seas
Barale
(The Asian Marginal and Enclosed Seas: an Overview,
36 pp.)
Mitnik and Gade
(A Historical Overview of Remote Sensing of the Asian Seas,
20 pp.)
Bai et al.
(An Introduction to Optical Remote Sensing of the Asian Seas: Chinese dedicated satellites and data processing techniques,
20 pp.)
Gade and Stoffelen
(An Introduction to Microwave Remote Sensing of the Asian Seas,
20 pp.)
Part 2: Arctic Ocean
Kern and Willmes
(Sea-ice parameters from satellite remote sensing,
16 pp.)
Eriksen et al.
(Ship Traffic in the Asian Arctic Seas,
18 pp.)
Heim et al.
(Ocean Colour Remote Sensing in the Laptev Sea,
16 pp.)
Part 3: North Pacific Ocean and South China Sea
Mitnik and Dubina
(The Sea of Okhotsk: Scientific Applications of Remote Sensing,
16 pp.)
Ryu and Lee
(Remote Sensing of Korean Tidal Flat,
16 pp.)
Ishizaka et al.
(Phytoplankton and Primary Production in Japan Sea,
12 pp.)
Ichikawa et al.
(Complementary Remote Sensing Observations of the Tsushima Warm Current Patterns,
16 pp.)
Ichikawa
(Remote Sensing of the Kuroshio Current System,
16 pp.)
Choe and Kim
(SAR remote sensing of intertidal flats in Korea,
14 pp.)
Li and Ren
(Mapping of sea surface wind and current fields in the China Seas from X-band spaceborne SAR,
16 pp.)
He
(Ocean color remote sensing of China Marginal Seas,
16 pp.)
Liou et al.
(Remote Sensing for Improved Forecast of Typhoons,
16 pp.)
Shao et al.
(Remote Sensing of ocean surface waves,
18 pp.)
Feng and Cheng
(Observing sea level properties from satellite altimetry in the China seas,
18 pp.)
Part 4: Indian Ocean and Eastern Archipelagic Seas
Setiawan et al.
(The use of WorldView-2 imagery to estimate the mangrove density in Porong Estuary,
16 pp.)
Gade et al.
(Using SAR Data for an Assessment of the Indonesian Coastal Environment,
16 pp.)
Alpers and Vlasenko
(Remote sensing and modelling of internal waves in the Andaman Sea,
16 pp.)
Sarangi
(Observations of ocean surface chlorophyll and the corollary parameters in the southern peninsula Indian water using
remote sensing datasets,
16 pp.)
Smitha A. et al.
(Using remote sensing to study phytoplankton biomass and its influence on herbivore fishery in the South-Eastern Arabian
Sea,
16 pp.)
Ajith K. et al.
(Upwelling in the Arabian Sea and the marginal seas off Gulf of Aden,
16 pp.)
Polikarpov et al.
(Remote sensing of phytoplankton variability in the Arabian/Persian Gulf,
16 pp.)
Siegel et al.
(Remote sensing of coastal discharge of SE Sumatra (Indonesia) and transport in adjacent seas,
16 pp.)
Part 5: Inner Seas
Kostianoy et al.
(Comprehensive satellite monitoring of Caspian Sea conditions,
16 pp.)
Cretaux et al.
(Present-day water balance of the Aral Sea seen from satellite,
18 pp.)
Kouraev et al.
(Ice cover and water dynamics in lakes Baikal and Hovsgol from satellite observations and field studies,
16 pp.)
Reviewers and Contributors (8 pp.) Acronyms (8 pp.) Index (8 pp.)
Abstracts
Alpers, W., and V. Vlasenko: Remote sensing and modelling of internal waves in the Andaman Sea
The Andaman Sea of the Indian Ocean is one of the sites in the World's ocean where extraordinarily large amplitude internal waves (LAIWs) are encoun-tered. Although shipborne measurements had revealed already in the 1960’s and 1970’s the existence of LAIWs in the Andaman Sea, systematic studies of these waves started only in the early 1990’s when a large number of synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images acquired by the European Remote Sensing (ERS) satellites over the Andaman Sea became available. Here we present several SAR images acquired by the ERS-2, Envisat, and Radarsat-1 satellites and one optical image acquired by Earth Observing-1 satellite showing sea surface signatures of LAIWs in the Andaman Sea. They show that the birthplaces of these waves are mainly shallow areas, ridges, and seamounts located east of the Andaman and Nicobar Is-lands and northwest of Sumatra. One SAR image shows the interaction of two LAIWs and another one the interaction of a LIAW with an underwater bank. Fur-thermore, we explain the physical mechanism by which LAIWs become visible on SAR images of the sea surface although the radar beam cannot penetrate into the water body. Finally, we present model results showing the interaction of a LAIW with 1) an underwater bank causing the generation of secondary internal waves and with 2) a shallow shelf causing breaking of the LAIWs and the generation of turbulence. top
Bai, Y., L. Jiang, X. He, and V. Barale: An Introduction to Optical Remote Sensing of the Asian Seas: Chinese dedicated satellites and data processing techniques
The application of optical remote sensing in the Asian Seas is introduced, by re-viewing the achievements of ocean colour dedicated missions and data pro-cessing techniques in China. Two satellites (HY-1A and HY-1B) have already been launched as part of the Chinese long-term (2015-2025) ocean colour obser-vation program, which foresees the launch of more than 15 orbital platforms. Da-ta processing techniques, including the development of a vector radiative transfer model, as well as calibration, polarization correction, and atmospheric correction algorithms, have all been developed specifically for these missions, with particular attention to the peculiar environmental conditions of the greater China Sea. Pro-gress on the atmospheric correction effectiveness in highly turbid waters in the greater China Sea coastal regions is also examined. top
Barale, V.: The Asian Marginal and Enclosed Seas: an Overview
Marginal basins ranging from polar to equatorial regions, and a few sizeable enclosed basins, can all be encompassed among the Asian Seas. The Arctic Ocean near-coastal zones off Siberia, the semi-enclosed basins of the Pacific Ocean western rim, the coastal seas of the northernmost Indian Ocean, as well as the Caspian Sea, the remants of the Aral Sea and other freshwater lakes, exhibit a multiplicity of environmental features and processes. The diversity of the Asian seascapes, which range from permafrost cliffs to mangrove forests, and include wide gulfs and island groups, shallow estuaries, ship-congested straits, and some of the most crowded coastal regions in the world, where millions rely on fish for much of their protein, is an appropriate match to the continent’s variety of political, economic and social systems. Understanding the peculiarities of such a large collection of marine and coastal zones, managing and exploiting the wealth of resources that the Asian Seas have to offer, requires integrated observation systems, among which orbital remote sensing must play an essential role. top
Choe, B.-H., and D.-J. Kim: SAR remote sensing of intertidal flats in Korea
Extensive intertidal flats along the west coast of the Korean Peninsula form very unique coastal ecosystems providing habitat for a variety of benthic species. Spatial variation of physical surface properties and structures in intertidal flats can be associated to different polarimetric Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) signatures, which have a great potential for intertidal flat mapping. It was noted that complex and rough surface structures of densely populated wild oyster reefs can cause very strong diffused-multiple scattering and depolarization at C- and X-bands, while not at a relatively longer wavelength, L-band. Along the outer margin of intertidal flats adjacent to the land, very dark radar backscattering signatures were observed, which result from specular reflection on shallow water puddles formed by Submarine Groundwater Discharge (SGD). This chapter demonstrates distinct radar scattering signatures of wild oyster habitat and SGD in intertidal flats based on polarimetric SAR observations and theoretical scattering models, and suggests how they can be quantitatively mapped using multi-frequency polarimetric SAR. Finally, the correlation between the distribution of wild oyster habitat and the occurrence of SGD is discussed. top
Cretaux, J.-F., et al.: Present-day water balance of the Aral Sea seen from satellite
The Aral Sea shrank drastically over the past 50 years, largely due to water with-drawal from Amu Darya and Syr Darya rivers for land irrigation. This has led to the separation of Aral Sea into two (in 1986-1987) and then four (in approxi-mately 2010) water bodies. Lakes and enclosed inland seas are integrators of en-vironmental and climate changes occurring at regional to global scale and present a high variety of behaviors on a variety of time scales (from seasonal to decadal) depending on many factors, natural and anthropogenic. In addition, their crucial importance as water stocks has increased the necessity of monitoring all of their morphodynamics characteristics, such as water level, surface (water contour) and volume. The satellite altimetry and satellite high resolution optical imagery to-gether are now widely used for the calculation of lakes and reservoirs water stor-age changes worldwide. Based on these different techniques we can determine the water ex-tent within the Aral Sea basin since 1993, as well as volume varia-tions, which is key parameter in the understanding of hydrological regime at time scales ranging from months to decades in this largely ungauged basin. Remote sensing techniques coupled with complementary in-situ data have allowed pre-cisely quantifying the water balance of the Aral Sea since 1993 and to understand the recent desiccation of this inland sea. Moreover unprecedented information can be obtained by coupling models and surface observations with data from space, which offers global geographical coverage, good spatial-temporal sam-pling, continuous monitoring over time, and the capability of estimating water mass change. top
Eriksen, T., H. Greidanus, M. Vespe, and C. Santamaria: Ship Traffic in the Asian Arctic Seas
This chapter quantifies shipping intensities and maps out shipping pat-terns and their changes over seasons and over years, in the Kara, Laptev and East Siberian Seas. Use is made of two main data sources: first, position reports from the AIS automatic ship reporting system, in particular using the Norwegian AIS satellites; and second, ship detections derived from satellite radar images, in par-ticular from Sentinel-1. It is seen that the ship traffic in the three seas is seasonally dominated by the winter ice cover, which practically halts all shipping in the Lap-tev and East Siberian Seas for a large part of the year; in the Kara Sea, the busiest of the three, some routes remain used also in winter. Over the last years, the AIS ship traffic has significantly grown. Concerning shipping type, practically no fish-ing activity is seen (in contrast to the Barents Sea); most traffic seems to be transport and exploration. top
Feng, X., and Y. Cheng: Observing sea level properties from satellite altimetry in the China seas
Due to the threat of global warming, extensive studies of the natural and anthro-pogenic causes of sea level change have been performed. The use of satellite al-timetry contributes enormously to such studies, especially where in-situ observa-tions are rare. This chapter highlights the authors' recent investigations of sea level measurements in the China seas made by satellite altimetry. Different sea level components are investigated. Progress is being made towards a better estimation of the ocean tides in the China seas using a comprehensive combination of satel-lite altimetry products. The seasonal sea level cycle, another crucial component of sea level in the China seas, is also systematically studied by using different analy-sis approaches. We finally explore the long-term trends and variability of mean sea level by analyzing the latest (1993-2016) satellite altimetry. The relationships between mean sea level and large-scale ocean circulation and climate variability are also examined. top
Gade, M., and A. Stoffelen: An Introduction to Microwave Remote Sensing of the Asian Seas
In this chapter passive and active microwave sensors are introduced, their basic measurement principles are described, and few examples of microwave (MW) remote sensing of the Asian Seas are given. The space-borne sensors under con-sideration are MW radiometer, altimeter, scatterometer, and synthetic aperture radar (SAR). It is demonstrated that changes in the sea surface roughness can be used to infer ocean surface wind fields, but also that this roughness may depend on other parameters such as waves and currents. top
Gade, M., B. Mayer, C. Meier, T. Pohlmann, M. Putri, and A. Setiawan: Using SAR Data for an Assessment of the Indonesian Coastal Environment
This Pilot Study aimed at improving the information on the state of the Indone-sian marine environment that is gained from satellite data. More than 2000 his-torical and actual synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data images from ENVISAT ASAR and Sentinel-1A C-SAR, respectively, were used to produce oil pollution density maps of two regions of interest (ROIs) in Indonesian waters. The normal-ised spill number and the normalised mean polluted area indicate that in general, the marine oil pollution in both ROIs is of different origin: while ship traffic ap-pears to be the main source in the Java Sea, oil production industry causes the highest pollution rates in the Strait of Makassar. In most cases hot spots of ma-rine oil pollution were found in the open sea, and the largest number of oil spills in the Java Sea was found from March to May and from September to December, i.e., during the transition from north-west monsoon to south-east monsoon, and vice versa. This is when the overall wind and current patterns change, apparently making oil pollution detection with SAR sensors easier. In support of our SAR im-age analyses high-resolution numerical forward and backward tracer experiments were performed. Using the previously gained information we demonstrate that the combination of numerical tracer modelling with (visual) SAR image analyses can be used for an assessment of the marine environment in Indonesian waters, and also helps in better understanding the observed seasonality. top
He, X.: Ocean Color Remote Sensing of China Marginal Seas
The Chinese marginal seas are some of the largest marginal seas in the world, which include the South China Sea (SCS), East China Sea (ECS), Yellow Sea (YS), and Bohai Sea (BS). The SCS is the largest tropical marginal sea and the ECS is the 11th largest marginal sea in the world. Both are within the world's strongest monsoon area--the East Asian monsoon, with significant seasonal and interannual variations and even long-term changes. Moreover, the Chinese mar-ginal seas receive a tremendous amount of fresh water and terrestrial materials from several world's largest rivers, such as the Changjiang (largest river in the Eurasian continent), Yellow River, Pearl River, and Mekong River, which make the seas more vulnerable to anthropogenic influences. Considering field investiga-tions being limited in space and temporal coverage, satellite ocean colour remote technique has been used widely in the Chinese marginal seas to investigate envi-ronmental dynamics at different time scales from diurnal, daily, seasonal to inter-annual variation. In this chapter, we highlight some of the new techniques and ap-plications of satellite ocean colour remote sensing in Chinese marginal seas in the past few years, including detecting diurnal dynamics of coastal waters, retrieval of marine carbon parameters, monitoring of marine ecologic environment, and satel-lite oceanographic research. top
Heim, B., B. Juhls, E. Abramova, A. Bracher, R. Doerffer, R. Gonçalves-Araujo, S. Hellman, A. Kraberg, F. Martynov, and P. Overduin: Ocean Colour Remote Sensing in the Laptev Sea
The Laptev and Eastern Siberian shelves are the world's broadest shallow shelf systems. Large Siberian rivers and coastal erosion of up to meters per summer deliver large volumes of terrestrial matter into the Arctic shelf seas. In this chapter we investigate the applicability of Ocean Colour Remote Sensing during the ice-free summer season in the Siberian Laptev Sea region. We show that the early summer river peak discharge may be traced using remote sensing in years characterized by early sea-ice retreat. In the summer time after the peak dis-charge, the spreading of the main Lena River plume east and north-east of the Lena River Delta into the shelf system becomes hardly traceable using optical remote sensing methods. Measurements of suspended particulate matter (SPM) and coloured dissolved organic matter (cDOM) are of the same magnitude in the coastal waters of Buor Khaya Bay as in the Lena River. Match-up analyses of in situ chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) show that standard Medium Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MERIS) and Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) satellite-derived Chl-a is not a valid remote sensing product for the coastal waters and the inner shelf region of the Laptev Sea. All MERIS and MODIS-derived Chl-a products are overestimated by at least a factor of ten, probably due to absorption by the extraordinarily high amount of non-algal particles and cDOM in these coastal and inner-shelf waters. Instead, Ocean Colour remote sensing provides information on wide-spread resuspension over shallows and lateral advection visible in satellite-derived turbidity. Satellite Sea Surface Temperature (SST) data clearly show hydrodynamics and delineate the outflow of the Lena River for hundreds of kilometres out into the shelf seas. top
Ichikawa, K., Y. Yoshikawa, A. Morimoto, K. Fukudome and J.H. Yoon: Complementary Remote Sensing Observations of the Tsushima Warm Current Patterns
When monitoring exchanges between adjacent marginal seas, measurements of the volume transport through connecting straits are essential. In such cases, acoustic Doppler current profilers (ADCPs) mounted at the bottom of ferries that regularly cross such straits can provide useful platforms for directly monitoring strait currents. However, since their observations would naturally be confined to each ferry's set route, it would be impossible for them to observe all relevant current patterns. In addition, a ship-mounted ADCP is very expensive to install, maintain, and (when necessary) remove. In this chapter, we will describe alternative indirect remote sensing techniques that can be used to observe surface velocities in the Korea Strait between Japan and Korea. One such technique involves a high-frequency (HF) ocean radar system that can provide synoptic views of the surface velocity field with high resolutions in both space and time, even though additional processes are required to separate the geostrophic ocean currents from the ageostrophic tidal and wind-driven currents. Alternatively, slopes of the sea surface dynamic height (SSDH) can provide a geostrophic component of the surface velocity. Unfortunately, the satellite altimeters that are most commonly used to measure the SSDH field in open oceans are unsuitable for use in narrow straits. Instead, the use of global navigation satellite systems (GNSS) is showing promise as a way to obtain the coastal SSDH, even though proper spatial smoothing processes are still required. top
Ichikawa, K.: Remote Sensing of the Kuroshio
Variations of the Kuroshio Current System, which is the western boundary current of the North Pacific, influence both large-scale climate changes and regional waters. Satellite altimeters have been widely used to monitor various aspects of the Kuroshio, such as its position and volume transport. Although both meanders of the Kuroshio axis and isolated mesoscale eddies result in similar mesoscale temporal anomaly, they can be distinguished when the mean sea surface dynamic height is retrieved, which cannot be obtained by altimetry data alone. This enables us to describe the shedding and merging of offshore mesoscale eddies and the development of the stable large meander south of Japan. Spatial and temporal resolutions of satellite altimetry data are, however, not sufficient to describe fast-moving small-scale variations of the Kuroshio itself. The high-resolution surface velocity field around the Kuroshio can be directly obtained by high-frequency (HF) ocean radars, which can provide thorough descriptions of the Kuroshio in terms of variations of the maximum speed of the Kuroshio and the displacement of its axis position. In addition, short-term variations of the Kuroshio, such as responses to extraordinary winds of a typhoon, can be studied quantitatively. top
Ishizaka, J., and K. Yamada: Phytoplankton and Primary Production in Japan Sea
Japan Sea is the basin surrounded by Japan, Korea, China and Russia and separated from East China Sea, Pacific Ocean, and Okhotsk Sea. The straits connected to those seas are all shallower than 200m, although the depth of the main body of the Japan Sea is 1,750m as the mean and 3,742m as the maximum. The basin includes major oceanographic phenomena, such as western boundary current, subpolar front, sea ice formation and deep water formation. In this chap-ter, phytoplankton and primary production dynamics in Japan Sea is mostly de-scribed with ocean colour satellite data. top
Joseph, A.K., A. Nair, M.S. George, Ch.v.c. Jayaram, and A.N. Balchand: Upwelling in the Arabian Sea and the marginal seas off Gulf of Aden
Upwelling is a dominant mechanism in the Arabian Sea as well as in the marginal seas off the Gulf of Aden, that occurs annually during southwest monsoon season. This results in abundance of phytoplankton and zooplankton in the region and has profound influence on the coastal fisheries of India and marginal seas off Gulf of Aden. During the southwest monsoon, an intense low-level wind jet blows diagonally across the Arabian Sea generating coastal upwelling along the coasts of Somalia, Oman and the southeastern Arabian Sea. Previously, very few studies were carried out on the long term trend of upwelling phenomenon in the Arabian Sea, es-pecially using different satellite data products. In this study, a synergy of different parameters like Ocean colour, Sea Surface Temperature (SST) and Sea level anoma-ly (SLA) from remote sensing were used to make a more detailed analysis on upwelling features for the period 1960-2008. For this, the whole of Arabian Sea is categorized into four different zones, based on the characteristics of upwelling in each region. A statistical trend analysis is carried out to identify the variability of the upwelling phenomena in these different zones and it is found that during the period 1991-2008, the trend of SLA and SST is increasing, compared to the period 1960-1990, which thereby highlights the decrease of upwelling intensity. top
Kern, S., and S. Willmes: Sea-ice parameters from satellite remote sensing
A substantial part of the Asian coast line borders seasonally sea-ice covered waters. This chapter deals with the sea-ice cover along the northern shores facing the Arctic Ocean. Long-term year-round, sustained monitoring of this sea-ice cover is, on the one hand, crucial for shipping, off-shore activities, near-coastal transport, and marine safety. On the other hand, it is crucial to better understand recent and predict future sea ice cover changes - changes which already have an impact on coastal erosion and regional as well as large-scale weather conditions. This chapter deals with observations of the sea-ice cover in the Siberian sector of the Arctic Ocean and its changes obtained from data of satellite passive microwave sensors. In addition, ways are presented to monitor polynyas and fast ice by means of microwave, optical, and infrared satellite remote sensing. Polynyas form frequently along the fast-ice cover of the Asian Arctic coast during winter. Their role for the Arctic Ocean sea-ice volume and ocean water mass mod-ification is discussed. Furthermore, methods to estimate sea-ice thickness by means of satellite observations are described and illustrated for thin ice. top
Kostianoy, A.G., A.I. Ginzburg, O.Yu. Lavrova, S.A. Lebedev, M.I. Mityagina, N.A. Sheremet, and D.M. Soloviev: Comprehensive satellite monitoring of Caspian Sea conditions
Satellite data on sea surface temperature (SST), visible and infrared imagery as well as altimetry and radar measurements were used to monitor different parameters of the Caspian Sea. Interannual variability of sea level (1993-2015) and SST (1982-2015) is considered. The elements of mesoscale water dynamics (vortices, jet-like flows, fine structure of upwelling frontal zone, internal waves, etc.) are discussed and examples of oil pollution are shown. top
Kouraev, A.V., E.A. Zakharova, F. Rémy, A.G. Kostianoy, M.N. Shimaraev, N.M.J. Hall, and A.Ya. Suknev: Ice cover and associated water structure in lakes Baikal and Hovsgol from satellite observations and field studies
Lakes Baikal (Russia) and Hovsgol (Mongolia) are covered every year by ice for several months. The distribution and state of the ice cover and snow on the ice affect the hydrophysical structure, spring bloom of diatoms and primary productivity, as well as transport on ice. In this respect combination of satellite remote sensing data with dedicated field measurements provide a unique tool for investigating ice cover state and development. Comparison of ENVISAT and SARAL radar altimetry missions data for Lake Baikal shows that SARAL's AltiKa instrument can be successfully used for ice discrimination. We observe large decrease of radar return echo in late spring for both ENVISAT and SARAL and discuss it in the context of ice metamorphism. We then address an interesting natural phenomenon - giant ice rings on lakes Baikal and Hovsgol. Using satellite imagery and photography for 1974-2015 we have identified 45 rings on Lake Baikal (compared to 13 previously known) and also for the first time 4 rings on Lake Hovsgol. The results of our hydrographic surveys beneath the ice rings show the presence of warm double-convex lens-like eddies before and during manifestation of ice rings. These eddies are the driving factor for the formation of ice rings in these lakes. We reassess the existing hypotheses of ice ring formation and discuss the potential mechanisms of eddy formation. top
Liou, Y-A, J-C Liu, C-M Fabrice, J-S Hong, C-Y Huang, P-K Chiang, and S Joliviet: Remote Sensing for Improved Forecasts of Typhoons
This chapter presents the advantages of remote sensing in various as-pects of tropical cycles or typhoons for the purpose of improved forecasts. A vari-ety of variables influencing the typhoons become our concerns and sequentially investigated. First of all, to effectively predict the rainfall associated with a land-falling typhoon, the ground-based Global Positioning System (GPS) zenith total delay is combined with Doppler radar data through data assimilation algorithms. Subsequently, discussions on a natural phenomenon of interactions among two ty-phoons with and without tropical depressions (TDs) are elaborated. Remote sens-ing imagery and image processing techniques are applied to analyze relevant in-teractions and physical responses, including TDs’ appearance, development, interaction and how they merge. Then, the application of remote sensing observa-tional data in numerical modeling for the study of atmospheric gravity waves, es-pecially during the occurrence of asymmetric tropical cyclones is presented. Final-ly, a brief introduction is given to the oceanic surface wind measurement from different satellites with already demonstrated or potential impacts on typhoon simulations and predictions. Note that atmospheric and oceanic parameters de-rived from observations of Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) receivers onboard low Earth orbit (LEO) satellites, i.e., FORMOSAT-3/COSMIC and to-be-launched FORMOSAT-7/COSMIC-2, are also discussed within the selected top-ics. The importance of implementing remote sensing technology in the investiga-tion and forecast of typhoons is the conclusion. top
Li, X.-M., and Y.Z. Ren: Mapping of sea surface wind and current fields in the China Seas from X-band spaceborne SAR
The chapter presents some examples of mapping of sea surface wind and currents fields in the China Seas using high spatial resolution spaceborne SAR of TerraSAR-X and TanDEM-X, which are the representatives of the new generation SAR. With respect to the sea surface wind field, we choose two cases showing contrast sea surface wind patterns downstream of an archipelago in the Bohai Sea, i.e., the bright wind jet and the dark wind wake, to highlight the capability of mapping sea surface wind field in high spatial resolution using X-band SAR and the dedicated Geophysical Model Function.
The tidal current in the HangZhou Bay, East China Sea is a typical semi-diurnal current with the maximum speed up to 3 m/s in the spring tide. We demonstrate a novel application of deriving tidal current in the HangZhou bay based on the satellite constellation data of TerraSAR-X and TanDEM-X when they operate in the pursuit monostatic mode. The short temporal interval in the scale of a few seconds of the two satellite acquisitions over the same area yield an unique advantage of mapping tidal current fields with great spatial and temporal variations. top
Mitnik, L.M., and M. Gade: A Historical Overview of Remote Sensing of the Asian Seas
In this chapter we give an overview of national and international satellite missions that have been developed over the past decades. After first earth observation (EO) missions had started in the 1960s, the first remote sensing satellite observing, among others, the Asian Seas were launched in the 1970s. Nowadays, a wealth of earth-orbiting satellites is in place, carrying a variety of sophisticated sensors that can be used for routine surveillance, but also to gain deeper insight into specific processes in the marine environment. While most recent sensors and applications will be described in the following book chapters, here, we focus on historical sen-sors and missions, and we provide some examples of Remote Sensing of the Asian Seas, in the early days of spaceborne missions. top
Mitnik, L.M., and V.A. Dubina: The Sea of Okhotsk: Scientific Applications of Remote Sensing
The characteristics of the Sea of Okhotsk have not been adequately ex-plored due to the severe environmental conditions and satellite measurements are particular appealing for their study. Results of remote sensing of the various oce-anic and atmospheric dynamic phenomena in the Sea of Okhotsk are reviewed. The multisensor data analysis is considered as the most effective approach for the phenomena detection, interpretation and operational applications. Particular em-phasis has been placed on the use of passive and active microwave techniques. Microwave remote sensing provide estimates of the sea surface temperature, sur-face wind speed, sea ice parameters, atmospheric water vapor content, cloud liquid water content, as well as allows mapping of current and eddy boundaries, the sur-face manifestations of the internal waves, bottom topography signatures, the orga-nized wind speed variations in the marine boundary layer of the atmosphere. top
Polikarpov, I.G., F. Al-Yamani, and M. Saburova: Remote sensing of phytoplankton variability in the Arabian/Persian Gulf
The Arabian/Persian Gulf (hereafter the Gulf1) is a marginal sea of the Indian Ocean connected with the Gulf of Oman through the Strait of Hormuz. Remote sensing approaches to the studies of phytoplankton biomass variability within this very productive and hydrographically and optically complex area are reviewed and analyzed. The remote-sensing reflectance of the Gulf surface is sig-nificantly affected by bottom reflection due to the Gulf’s shallowness. Another crucial factor is the deposition of aeolian dust transported through the atmosphere from the adjacent deserts. Spatial and temporal variability in phytoplankton bio-mass estimated as remotely sensed chlorophyll concentrations together with phys-ical factors are analyzed with a special emphasis on high biomass and toxic phy-toplankton blooms. top
Ryu, J.-H., and Y.-K. Lee: Remote Sensing of Korean Tidal Flats
In Korea, coastal reclamation was constructed as a project to create vast rice fields while simultaneously serving a symbolic role demonstrating the country’s capacity for reconstruction that began in 1953. Korean tidal flats are in-creasingly being changed by various construction projects. This chapter reviews the remote sensing techniques used to monitor Korean tidal flats and suggests ap-propriate techniques for meeting monitoring targets for the effective management of tidal flats. Three different monitoring targets were examined: topography, sed-imentary facies, and bio facies. Waterline method and SAR interferometry have been used for generating the intertidal digital elevation model (DEM). Sedimen-tary facies of the tidal flats can be classified into the three categories mud, mixed, and sand, at a spatial resolution of 4 m. A potential map for macro benthos was generated with high accuracy based on the spatial variables such as exposure time and sedimentary facies map. The details of those data can be further enhanced by the use of an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) and new satellite system. Thematic maps based on remote sensing can help improve policy decisions from a manage-ment perspective. In this study, contents were constructed and summarized ac-cording to the research of Ryu et al., (2014). top
Sarangi, R.K.: Observations of ocean surface chlorophyll and the corollary parameters in the southern peninsula Indian water using
remote sensing datasets
The analysis of chlorophyll, sea surface temperature (SST), wind speed and nitrate data have been carried out in the monthly, seasonal and inter-annual scales during 1999-2004. The monthly averaged chlorophyll concentration indi-cates high chlorophyll concentration (0.50-2.0 mg/m3) in the southern peninsula around the tip of India. The movement of chlorophyll from the Arabian Sea and Gulf of Mannar region towards the east via Sri Lankan region observed during the southwest monsoon (SWM) season. The algal bloom was observed both during southwest and northeast monsoon (NEM) period. The SST observed to be high (290-310C) during the spring inter monsoon (SIM) during March-May and low during SWM and NEM (~270C). Wind speed observed to be very high (8-12 m/sec) during the SWM and NEM periods. The relationship between in situ nitrate and temperature has been established with R2 value 0.912 with 1537 data points. The nitrate concentration observed to be high (0.20-0.50 ìmol/liter) during SWM due to the upwelling process. Relationship established between chlorophyll, SST, wind speed and nitrate covering the seasonal averaged data over five-year period. The increase in wind speed and hence the decrease in SST, may be due to upwelling and mixing phenomenon, bringing up the nutrient rich bottom water to surface and mixes up the water column. So, the enhancement in productivity/phytoplankton chlorophyll biomass observed. The interrelationship of the parameters in the Arabian Sea, Indian Ocean and the Bay of Bengal subsets has been derived. The chlorophyll in the Indian Ocean is observed to be primarily depend-ent on nitrate (R2=0.39) and SST (R2=0.38) and to a lesser extent wind speed (R2=0.11). But, the Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal chlorophyll is observed to be more dependent on SST (R2=0.43 and 0.52) followed by nitrate (R2=0.30 and 0.27) and wind speed (R2=0.18 and 0.11), obtained from regression analysis. top
Setiawan, A., B. Realino, I. Triyulianti, F. Hamzah, A. Murdimanto, and M.R. Putri: The use of WorldView-2 imagery to estimate the mangroves density in Porong Estuary
Porong estuary is an estuarine ecosystem influenced by the interaction between the Porong River and Madura Strait. This estuary has very important eco-logical role in providing source of nutrients and organic matter transported through the river and mixed by the tidal currents. A number of aquatic biota utiliz-es this estuary as a shelter, a place to find food, and also a nursery ground, such as crabs (Scylia serrata), oysters (Crassostrea cucullata), shrimps, and fishes. Fur-thermore, fish and shrimp ponds can also be found around this estuary where thousand of people depend on. Since 2007, due to Sidoarjo mudflow disaster on May 29, 2006, Porong River was used to divert the mudflow to Madura Strait. This activity of course will potentially increase the sedimentation and decrease the water quality of this estuary. Therefore, in order to inventory the potential impact of channelling the mudflow and give any recommendation to Recovery Agency for Sidoarjo Mudflow (BPLS), since 2009 the Institute for Marine Research and Observation (IMRO) has routinely monitored the condition of Porong estuary. One of the assessments carried out in this activity is estimating the mangroves density in 2010 based on WorldView-2 imagery and comparing the result with previous years (2003, 2007, and 2009) estimation from Landsat ETM+ imageries. Our result showed that the surface area of mangrove forest was increased from 435.4 and 550.1 ha in 2007 and 2009, respectively, to 654.2 ha in 2010. From density analysis we found that mangroves with high density were increased from 157.1, 26.4, and 323.7 ha in 2003, 2007, and 2009, respectively, to 344.3 ha in 2010. It suggests that, in general, channelling the Sidoarjo mudflow to Porong River give more substrate for mangroves to grow up. top
Shao, W, X. Li, and X. Yang: Remote sensing of ocean surface waves
In this chapter, recent developments of waves extraction from synthetic aperture radar (SAR) are presented. An ocean surface wave retrieval algorithm, Parameterized First-guess Spectrum Method (PFSM), is used to extract wave parameters from X-band TerraSAR-X (TS-X) and C-band SAR Sentinel-1 (S-1) images over whole ocean, in particular, there are several cases at China seas. This theoretic-based algorithm relies on the first-guess wave spectrum produced by SAR-derived wind speed. More recent, several studies have made an attempt to retrieve SWH through cutoff wavelength. A new semi-empirical algorithm for wave parameters retrieval at C-band, which depends on the radar incidence angle, wave propagation angle relative to range direction and cutoff wavelength, has been im-plemented for S-1 images and validated against moored buoys. The advantage is that the semi-empirical algorithm provides conveniently empirical method to retrieve waves from various C-band VV-polarization S-1 SAR data without any prior information. top
Siegel, H., I. Stottmeister, M. Gerth, A. Baum, and J. Samiaji: Remote sensing of coastal discharge of SE Sumatra (Indonesia) and transport in adjacent seas
The coastal discharge of Indonesia is driven by high precipitation throughout the year. Monsoon and tides form a highly variable dynamical system that satellite remote sensing is the only method to acquire synoptic information. The large rivers of SE- Sumatra belong to the major tropical carbon and sediment sources for the world ocean. Knowledge of carbon sources are important because of their potential impact on coastal ecosystems and on climate change. Drainage of peatlands enhances the concentration of dissolved organic matter (DOM) and strong tidal currents the suspended particulate matter (SPM) load in the rivers. The high concentrations strongly reduce the available light in the water column of coastal regions. The coloured part of DOM (CDOM) absorbs light in the short wavelength range. Measured very high absorptions changed the colour brownish that the tributaries belong to so-called black water rivers. High SPM concentrations made the water milky and bright. Different compositions of water constituents led to large variations of water colour, which made ocean colour remote sensing to the preferred method for investigating river discharge and coastal transport in different spatial and temporal scales. Sources of different water masses were identified, the estuarine turbidity maximum zone and the spreading of river water in relation to tidal phases were detected. The transport processes in adjacent Malacca and Karimata Straits are described in relation to monsoon phases and ENSO. In addition to available satellite derived level 2 products, CDOM and DOC charts were retrieved using regional algorithms derived from measurements. top
Smitha A., Syam S., N.N. Menon, and L.H. Pettersson: Using remote sensing to study phytoplankton biomass and its influence on herbivore fishery in the South-Eastern Arabian
Sea
In this chapter, satellite remote sensing data are analysed to study the physical forcing that favors coastal upwelling and the variability in phytoplankton biomass in the SE Arabian Sea for a time period of 14 years. Monthly binned measurements of Sea Surface Temperature (SST) coupled with reanalysis wind data clearly demonstrate the dominating influence of the strong southwest monsoon in cooling the SST, breaking down the surface water warm pool, and the subsequent development of wind induced upwelling off the southwest coast of India. During southwest monsoon (June-September), the depth of the 20oC isotherm shoals from typically 140 m to about 80 m. The development of negative Sea Level Anomaly (SLA) along with cyclonic eddies during summer monsoon season prove the occurrence of divergence and upwelling. Ekman mass transport computed using the monthly reanalysis wind data show strong negative values during the southwest monsoon, which indicate strong upwelling along the coastal regions of southwest India, also discernible from the high chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) concentrations (. 1 mg m-3) during southwest monsoon season, which decrease to about 0.2-0.5 mg m-3 in non-monsoon months. Increased primary production triggers higher catches of oil sardine (Sardinella longiceps Valenciennes), and the analysis of fish landing data for Kerala show that the sardine catch follows Chl-a peaks with a lag of one season with significant positive correlation. top
Stoffelen, A., R. Kumar, J. Zou, V. Karaev, P. Chang, and E. Rodriguez: Ocean Surface Vector Wind Observations
Ocean surface vector winds (OSVW) play a fundamental role in the Asian Seas through air-sea interaction; this applies to the modest winds in the trades, the winds associated with the extensive areas of tropical convection, sea and land breezes and, of most direct human relevance, the winds associated with hurricane-force typhoons. Predicting the air-sea exchanges in the cold polar seas and the atmospheric dynamics of tropical mesoscale convective systems or the strength and track of typhoons remains equally a challenge, but is of fundamental importance for weather forecasting and climate change studies. It is briefly described how wind vector information is obtained from satellite microwave active and passive measurements off the wind-roughened ocean surface, and subsequently an evaluation of the wind vector product services, for example, in coastal areas, is provided. India, China, Russia and Japan, inter alia, have been, are, or will be contributing to a global virtual constellation of scatterometers that provide increasing temporal coverage of ocean surface vector wind information. The application of scatterometer winds for weather nowcasting, for mesoscale and global numerical weather prediction and for oceanography and climate studies is highlighted. top
People Involved
This list is probably not complete, since it may not contain all co-authors. The complete List of Contributors
will be included in the book.
Abramova, Ekaterina,
St. Petersburg University, St. Petersburg, Russia Al-Yamani, Faiza,
Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, Kuwait Alpers, Werner,
Institut für Meereskunde, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany Armstrong, Roy,
Universidad de Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico Badger, Merete,
Department of Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark, Roskilde, Denmark Bai, Yan,
State Key Laboratory of Satellite Ocean Environment Dynamics, Second Institute of Oceanography,
State Oceanic Administration, Hangzhou, China Balchand, A.N.,
Nansen Environmental Research Centre (India), Kochi, India Ballatore, Thomas,
Lake Basin Action Network, Moriyama, Japan Barale, Vittorio,
Institute for Environment and Sustainability, Joint Research Centre of the EC, Ispra (VA), Italy Baum, A.,
Leibniz Center for Tropical Marine Ecology, Bremen, Germany Bergé-Nguyen, M.,
Laboratoire d’Etudes en Géophysique et Océanographie Spatiales (LEGOS), Toulouse, France Bracher, Astrid,
Alfred-Wegener-Institut für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Bremerhaven, Germany Brando, Vittorio,
Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate, National Research Council of Italy, Roma, Italy Brown, Colin,
Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland Burchard, Hans,
Leibniz-Institut für Ostseeforschung Warnemünde, Rostock, Germany Byfield, Valborg,
National Oceanography Center, Southampton, UK Cahalane, Connor,
National Centre for Geocomputation, Maynooth University, Ireland Chane-Ming, Fabrice,
Université de la Réunion, CNRS-Météo France-Université, La Réunion, France Chang, Paul,
National Ocean and Atmosphere Administration (NOAA), Washington DC, USA Chen, Xiaoyan,
State Key Laboratory of Satellite Ocean Environment Dynamics, Second Institute of Oceanography,
State Oceanic Administration, Hangzhou, China Cheng, Yongcun,
Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA,USA Chiang, Po-Kuan,
Center for Space and Remote Sensing Research, National Central University, Taoyuan City, Taiwan Choe, Byung-Hun,
Satellite Geophysics Laboratory, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea Cretaux, Jean-François,
Laboratoire d’Etudes en Géophysique et Océanographie Spatiales (LEGOS), Toulouse, France da Silva, José,
CIIMAR, Universidade do Porto, Rua dos Bragas 289, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal Dierking, Wolfgang,
Alfred-Wegener Institut, Bremerhaven, Germany Doerffer, Roland,
Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht Centre for Materials and Coastal Research, Geesthacht, Germany Dubina, Vyacheslav A.,
V.I. Il'ichev Pacific Oceanological Institute FEB RAS, Vladivostok, Russia Duchossois, Guy,
GEO Secretariat, Paris, France Dupouy, Celine,
Institut de Recherche pour le développement, Marseille, France Ebuchi, Naoto,
Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan Emery, William,
University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA Eriksen, T.,
Institute for the Protection and Security of the Citizen, Joint Research Centre of the EC, Ispra (VA), Italy Eriksson, Leif,
Chalmers University, Gothenburg, Sweden Feng, Xiangbo,
University of Reading, Reading, UK Foster, Ralph,
Applied Physics Laboratory, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA Fukudome, K.,
Research Institute for Applied Mechanics, Kyushu University, Kasuga, Japan Gade, Martin,
Institut für Meereskunde, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany Garcia Weil, Luis,
Departamento de Física, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC), Las Palmas, Spain George, Mary Swapna,
Nansen Environmental Research Centre (India), Kochi, India Gernez, Pierre,
Département des Sciences de la Vie, Université de Nantes, France Gerth, Monika,
Leibniz-Institut für Ostseeforschung Warnemünde, Rostock, Germany Ginzburg, Anna I.,
P.P. Shirshov Institute of Oceanology, Moscow, Russia Gonçalves-Araujo, Rafael,
Alfred-Wegener-Institut für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Potsdam, Germany Gower, Jim,
Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Ottawa, Canada Greidanus, Harm,
Institute for the Protection and Security of the Citizen, Joint Research Centre of the EC, Ispra (VA), Italy Gunn, Grant,
Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA Gurgel, Klaus-Werner,
Institut für Meereskunde, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany Hall, Nicholas M.J.,
LEGOS, Université de Toulouse, CNES, CNRS, IRD, UPS Toulouse, France Hamzah, Faisal,
Institute for Marine Research and Observation, Agency for Marine and Fisheries Research and Development, Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries, Bali, Indonesia He, Xianqiang,
State Key Laboratory of Satellite Ocean Environment Dynamics, Second Institute of Oceanography,
State Oceanic Administration, Hangzhou, China Heim, Birgit,
Alfred-Wegener-Institut für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Potsdam, Germany Hellman, Sebastian,
Alfred-Wegener-Institut für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Potsdam, Germany Holt, Benjamin,
Jet Propulsion Laboratory, NASA, Pasadena, CA, USA Hong, Jing-Shan,
Central Weather Bureau, Taipei, Taiwan Hoogeboom, Peter,
Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geoscience, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands Höpffner, Nicolas,
Institute for Environment and Sustainability, Joint Research Centre of the EC, Ispra (VA), Italy Huang, Ching-Yuang,
Department of Atmospheric Sciences, National Central University, Taoyuan City, Taiwan Ichikawa, Kaoru,
Research Institute for Applied Mechanics, Kyushu University, Kasuga, Japan Ishizaka, Joji,
Institute for Space-Earth Environmental Research (ISEE), Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan Jacobsen, S.,
German Aerospace Center (DLR), Maritime Safety and Security Lab, Bremen, Germany Jayaram, Ch.v.c.,
Nansen Environmental Research Centre (India), Kochi, India Jiang, Lianghong,
State Key Laboratory of Satellite Ocean Environment Dynamics, Second Institute of Oceanography,
State Oceanic Administration, Hangzhou, China Jolivet, S.,
Meteobooking, Bossonnens, Switzerland Joseph, Ajith K.,
Nansen Environmental Research Centre (India), Kochi, India Juhls, Bennet,
GEOMAR Helmholtz-Zentrum für Ozeanforschung Kiel, Germany Kaitala, Seppo,
Finnish Environment Institute, Marine Research Centre, Helsinki, Finland Kämpf, Jochen,
Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia Karaev, Vladimir,
Institute of Applied Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia Karimova, Svetlana,
Université de Liège, GHER - AGO Department, Liège, Belgium Katsaros, Kristina,
NorthWest Research Associates, Redmond, WA, USA Kern, Stefan,
Integrated Climate Data Center - ICDC, Center for Earth System Research and Sustainability, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany Kim, Duk-jin,
Satellite Geophysics Laboratory, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea Kostianoy, Andrey G.,
P.P. Shirshov Institute of Oceanology RAS, Moscow, Russia Kouraev, Alexei,
Laboratoire d’Etudes en Géophysique et Océanographie Spatiales (LEGOS), Toulouse, France Kraberg, Alexandra,
Alfred-Wegener-Institut für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Potsdam, Germany Krezel, Adam,
University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland Kumar, Raj,
Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO), Ahmedabad, India Kutser, Tiit,
Estonian Marine Institute, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia Lavrova, Olga Yu.,
Space Research Institute RAS, Moscow, Russia Lebedev, Sergey A.,
P.P. Shirshov Institute of Oceanology RAS, Moscow, Russia Lee, Yoon-Kyung,
Korea Ocean Satellite Centre, Korea Ocean R&D Institute, Ansan, Korea Li, Xiaofeng,
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), College Park, MD, USA Li, XiaoMing,
Institute of Remote Sensing and Digital Earth, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China Liou, Yuei-An,
Center for Space and Remote Sensing Research, National Central University, Taoyuan City, Taiwan Liu, Ji-Chyun,
ChienHsin University of Science and Technology, Tao-yuan, Taiwan Martynov, Feodor,
St. Petersburg University, St. Petersburg, Russia Mayer, Bernhard,
Institut für Meereskunde, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany Meier, Carolin,
Institut für Meereskunde, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany Meier, Walt,
National Snow & Ice Data Center, University of Colorado Boulder, USA Melsheimer, Christian,
Institut für Umweltphysik, Universität Bremen, Bremen, Germany Menon, Nandini,
Nansen Environmental Research Centre (India), Kochi, India Miller, Peter,
Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Plymouth, UK Mitnik, Leonid M.,
V.I. Il'ichev Pacific Oceanological Institute FEB RAS, Vladivostok, Russia Mityagina, Marina I.,
Space Research Institute RAS, Moscow, Russia Morimoto, A.,
Research Institute for Applied Mechanics, Kyushu University, Kasuga, Japan Murdimanto, Ari,
Bachelors of Faculty of Geography, University of Gadjah Mada, Jogjakarta, Indonesia Murray, Nicholas,
Centre for Ecosystem Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia Nair, Archana,
Nansen Environmental Research Centre (India), Kochi, India Nugroho, Dwiyoga,
Agency for Marine and Fisheries Research and Development (AMFRD), Ministry of Marine Affairs and Industry, Jacarta, Indonesia Overduin, Paul,
Alfred-Wegener-Institut für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Potsdam, Germany Pettersson, Lasse,
Nansen Environmental and Remote Sensing Center, Bergen, Norway Plant, William,
Applied Physics Laboratory, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA Pohlmann, Thomas,
Institut für Meereskunde, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany Polikarpov, Igor G.,
Environment and Life Sciences Center, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, Salmiya, Kuwait Pozdnyakov, Dmitry,
Nansen International Environmental and Remote Sensing Center, St. Petersburg, Russia Putri, Mutiara Rachmat,
Study Program of Oceanography, Institute Technology Bandung, Bandung, Indonesia Raitsos, Dionysios,
Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Plymouth, UK Raman, Mini,
Marine Ecosystems Division, EPSA, Space Applications Centre (ISRO), Ahmedabad, India Realino, Bernardinus,
Agency for Marine and Fisheries Research and Development (AMFRD), Ministry of Marine Affairs and Industry, Jacarta, Indonesia Regniers, Olivier,
i-Sea (SAS), Bordeaux, France Rémy, F.,
Laboratoire d’Etudes en Géophysique et Océanographie Spatiales (LEGOS), Toulouse, France Ren, YongZheng,
Institute of Remote Sensing and Digital Earth, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China Rodriguez, Ernesto,
National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), Pasadena, USA Romeiser, Roland,
University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA Röttgers, Rüdiger,
Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht Centre for Materials and Coastal Research, Geesthacht, Germany Rubino, Angelo,
Università Ca' Foscari di Venezia, Venezia, Italy Ryu, Joo-Hyung,
Korea Ocean Satellite Centre, Korea Ocean R&D Institute, Ansan, Korea Saburova, Maria,
Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, Kuwait Samiaji, J.,
University of Riau, Pekanbaru, Riau, Indonesia Santamaria, C.,
Institute for the Protection and Security of the Citizen, Joint Research Centre of the EC, Ispra (VA), Italy Sarangi, R.K.,
SAC(ISRO), Ahmedabad, India Setiawan, Agus,
Agency for Marine and Fisheries Research and Development (AMFRD), Ministry of Marine Affairs and Industry, Jacarta, Indonesia Shao, Weizeng,
Marine Acoustics and Remote Sensing Laboratory, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhejiang, China Sheremet, Nickolay A.,
P.P. Shirshov Institute of Oceanology RAS, Moscow, Russia Shimaraev, M.N.,
Limnological Institute, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Irkutsk, Russia Siegel, Herbert,
Leibniz-Institut für Ostseeforschung Warnemünde, Rostock, Germany Skrunes, Stine,
The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway Smitha, A,
Nansen Environmental Research Centre (India), Kochi, India Soloviev, Dmitry M.,
Remote Sensing Department, Marine Hydrophysical Institute of RAS, Sevastopol, Russian Federation Spreen, Gunnar,
Institut für Umweltphysik, Universität Bremen, Bremen, Germany Stanichny, Sergey,
Marine Hydrophysical Institute, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Sevastopol, Russia Stelzer, Kerstin,
Brockmann Consult, Geesthacht, Germany Stoffelen, Ad,
Koninklijk Nederlands Meteorologisch Instituut (KNMI), de Bilt, The Netherlands Stottmeister, Iris,
Leibniz-Institut für Ostseeforschung Warnemünde, Rostock, Germany Suknev, A.Ya.,
Great Baikal Trail Buryatiya, Ulan-Ude, Russia Syam, S,
Nansen Environmental Research Centre (India), Kochi, India Tian-Kunze, Xianshang,
Institut für Meereskunde, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany Triyulianti, Iis,
Institute for Marine Research and Observation, Agency for Marine and Fisheries Research and Development, Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries, Bali, Indonesia van der Wal, Daphne,
NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, Department of Estuarine and Delta Systems, Yerseke, The Netherlands Vespe, M.,
Norwegian Defence Research Establishment (FFI), Kjeller, Norway Vlasenko, Vasiliy,
School of Earth, Ocean and Environmental Sciences, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, UK Wendleder, Anna,
Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt, DFD, Oberpfaffenhofen, Germany Willmes, Sascha,
Universität Trier, Trier, Germany Yamada, K.,
Keimyung University, Korea Yang, Xiaofeng,
Institute of Remote Sensing and Digital Earth, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China Yoon, J.H.,
Research Institute for Applied Mechanics, Kyushu University, Kasuga, Japan Yoshikawa, Y.,
Research Institute for Applied Mechanics, Kyushu University, Kasuga, Japan Zakharova, E.A.,
Laboratoire d’Etudes en Géophysique et Océanographie Spatiales (LEGOS), Toulouse, France Zhao, Zhongxiang,
Applied Physics Laboratory, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA Zibordi, Giuseppe,
Joint Research Centre of the EC, Ispra (VA), Italy Zou, Juhong,
National Space Ocean Application Service (NSOAS), Beijing, China
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